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Nalanda, located in the state of Bihar, India, is a place of immense historical and cultural significance. It is renowned for being the site of one of the world's oldest universities, Nalanda University, which was a center of learning from the 5th century AD to the 12th century AD. This ancient university attracted scholars from all over the world, including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The university was known for its diverse curriculum, which included subjects like theology, grammar, logic, astronomy, metaphysics, medicine, and philosophy. The ruins of Nalanda University, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offer a glimpse into the grandeur of this ancient seat of learning. The site includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings), and artworks in stucco, stone, and metal. The Great Stupa, with its multiple flights of stairs and terraces, is a highlight of the site. Nalanda's history is deeply intertwined with Buddhism, as it was a major center for Buddhist studies. The university was patronized by several rulers, including the Gupta Empire and the Pala Empire, who were instrumental in its development and expansion. The decline of Nalanda began with the invasions of the 12th century, leading to its eventual destruction. Today, Nalanda is a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and history enthusiasts. The Nalanda Archaeological Museum, located near the ruins, houses a collection of artifacts recovered from the site, including sculptures, coins, and pottery. The nearby Nava Nalanda Mahavihara is a modern center for Pali and Buddhist studies, continuing the legacy of learning in the region. Visitors to Nalanda can also explore the nearby Rajgir, another historical site with connections to Buddhism and Jainism, and the picturesque Griddhakuta Hill, where Buddha is said to have delivered many sermons. Nalanda's rich history and cultural heritage make it a fascinating destination for those interested in ancient civilizations and religious studies.

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